Furthermore, when water vapour condenses onto particle emissions (e.g. soot) and freezes to form a contrail, this can lead to a significant global warming (positive forcing) especially at night. In our calculations, these non-CO2 effects vary between 2 to 4 times of the CO2 global warming effect. The variability is subject to the large uncertainty of non-CO2 climate effects”

https://www.tudelft.nl/en/2025/lr/researchers-tu-delft-include-non-co2-climate-effects-to-calculate-the-real-impact-of-saf

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